Trade and climate change

Any lingering doubts about whether the Earth’s climate system is warming have been put to rest. In most recent assessments the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , the world’s leading authority in climate science, noted the evidence of global warming unequivocal. This reality and it’s potential economic , social and environmental implications have driven climate change to the top of the international political agenda.The issue is now so serious that any delay could push us past tipping point, beyond which the ecological, financial and human costs would increase drastically.

Since the warnings surrounding the climate change were first raised, it has been clear that it is as much as an economic challenge as an environmental one. Many a studies have shown that changing climate has serious implications for national economics, and most alarmingly for developing countries -dire consequences for critical economic sectors such as agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Addressing climate change also raises a number of economic concerns. Governments have long realized that responding to climate change challenges will require adjustments to national production patterns that could have major economic implications. But there has been a general reluctance to make these adjustments for fear of how this may impact industrial competitiveness .

Such economic and trade competitiveness concerns have been an inherent part of climate change discussions since the beginning and will continue remain as a key determining factor in the success of any future climate change agreements. There has , however, recently been increased attention on a wholly different aspects of climate change and trade relationship, namely how multilateral trade policy might be brought to bear in addressing climate change.

The type of trade policy that could be employed is- reducing trade barriers to climate friendly technologies in order to stimulate the global flow of these technologies.

-also strengthening WTO rules on subsidies that contribute to climate change and in creating safeguard for those subsidies that supports efforts to combat climate change.

Other global issues concerning climate change

Addressing the climate change, food insecurity, and trade concerns in the time of global economic crises has now become more important than ever.Trade, climate change and food security issues are interlinked both positively and negatively and need serious attention for harmonizisation .World Trade Organisation (WTO)and the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC), respectively, should be mutually supportive so as to contribute sustained growth, food security, poverty reduction and environmental sustainability.
Demands at the UNFCCC levels-:

-That Annex 1 countries ensures full and faithful implementation of the commitment made under the Kyoto Protocol,and make time bound commitment for deeper greenhouse gas cuts .

-Developed countries provide at least 1 percent of their gross national product to climate adaptation and the migitation fund and mobilize the fund in just manner and in the interest of developing and least-developed countries.

-Developed countries should provide financial and technical assistance to vulnerable countries, mainly developing and least –developed countries, to cope with climate-induced dislocation and distress, and address the concerns relating to environmental refugees.

-Implement measures should be taken to regulate environment-unfriendly use of biotechnology and the unjust application of intellectual property rights in the area of biodiversity agriculture and take measures to protect the environment and the rights of local farming communities over the biological resources and associated knowledge.

Climate change deal among nations

The likelihood of a new global climate change deal starting soon is diminishing. The countries are so far apart on various issues on this topic. As per the Bali roadmap, everyone hoped the 15th session of the conference of the parties to the UN framework convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen would yield a deal to replace Kyoto Protocal, which will expire in 2012.

Although there was 30 page draft negotiating text grew to 200 pages during the 12 day talks, there was no progress on how to share the burden of future emission cuts. Developed countries have not offered emission reduction commitments to the extent required to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Many developing countries have demanded that rich countries take the lead by cutting their emissions by 25-40 percent by 2020 over 1990 levels.

The European Union has set itself the target of 20 percent reduction by 2020.It has offered to deepen it’s targeted cut to 30 percent , if other advanced economies , including the United States do the same. The US, wants fast developing countries such as Brazil, China and India also to make emission reduction commitments.

However, hopes that US would offer significant reduction commitments are increasingly giving rights to doubts. A climate-change bill was passed by US house of representatives, which if approved would cut US emissions by 17 percent by 2020. This approach would translate into reduction of only 4 percent compared to 1990 levels. Though the bill entails an 83 percent reduction by 1050, this an inadequate short-term target deprives the otherwise impressive long term commitment of meaning.

Futhermore ,the provisions in US bill that allow the application of border measures to import from other countries that fail to take measures to reduce GHGs emissions could further deepen divisions between US and the developing world.

Thus, the deal whose implementation will be effective in combating climatic change can emerge only if the developed countries and fast developing countries bulge from their current stance.

Global warming and Himalayan Glaciers

Scientists have now established that the earth's temperature is rising . This heating process that raises the earth's temperature is known as the global warming. It is now found that earth's surface temperature rose by about 0.6 celsius degrees in the last 100 years. Without remedial measures, many fear that the global temperature will rise 1.4 to 5.8 celsius degees by 2100.

The warmer earth's temperature could melt parts of polar ice caps and most mountain glaciers, causing a rise in the sea -level of up to 1m within a century, which would cause flood on coastal regions. Global warming could also affect weather patterns causing prolonged drought or increased flooding in some world's leading agricultural regions. The Himalayan glaciers would completely melt away within a period of about a century.In the process of melting new glaciers lakes would be formed, which would pose serious threat to life and properly of the people living nearby.

Glacier lakes danger to Nepal-:
At present glaciers are retreating in the Himalayan region, as a result glacier lakes are being formed. This disrupts communication systems and various infrastructures like the hydropower in direct or indirect ways, subjecting to the periodic catastrophic floods. Glacier lake outburst floods also produce peaks in sediment transfer.

In 1988 a joint team of Sino-Nepalese conducted the studies of the glaciers lakes in the Arun and the Sun-Kosi Basins. According to the findings of that studies , there are many glacier lakes in Arun, Tama Kosi, Bhote kosi, Trisuli, Buri Gandaki and Karnali basins. Xizang of China have some records of the glacier lake outburst floods events. Another study covered Lower Barun, Chamlang Tsho, Naulekh, Sabai Tsho, Dudh Kund, Morang, Tsho Rolpa, Duwo,Thulagi glacier lakes.

There have been many outburst History of Glacier Lakes-:
On August 4, 1985 the nearly completed Namche hydropower plant was completely destroyed by the Dig Tsho glacier lake outburst flood.It destroyed not only the Namche hydropower station but also all the bridges, trails, cultivation fields, houses, livestock along it’s path to the confluence of the Dudh-Kosi rivers at a distance of 90 km from the Dig Tsho glacier.
Since the 1940s there have been at least 10 cases of glacier outbursts within the basins investigated.

Himalayan glaciers are now retreating due to global warming and as a result new glacier lakes are being formed. At present the world attention is drawn to finding ways to resolve the global warming problems.